In this episode of The Huberman Lab Podcast, Dr. Andrew Huberman interviews Dr. Andy Galpin, a professor of kinesiology, about how to build fitness through targeted physiological adaptations. The conversation covers topics such as exercise choice, intensity, repetition range, and frequency to achieve specific goals in strength, hypertrophy, and endurance training. The speakers emphasize the importance of proper execution and intentionality in exercises, as well as recovery time and hydration. They also discuss the benefits and drawbacks of cold water immersion, hot baths/saunas, and sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine supplements. Additionally, they touch on recovery markers and subjective and objective measures for tracking performance and recovery. Finally, the podcast discusses Absolute Rest, a diagnostic tool for sleep issues that measures psychological, physiological, pathological, and environmental factors affecting sleep quality.